Whispered Proposal Written Secrets

Whispered Proposal Written Secrets The Supreme Approach to Proposal Written Consider what you hope your readers to understand from your proposal and that which you must supply them with, and that means you can influence them to earn a favorable choice. The author of the proposal involves the grant and the overall amounts of money it's going to be paid by it. Finally, your aim is to persuade the reader your proposal is not just viable, but one worth pursuing. A research paper is ordinarily the very first step for students to acquire funding for their project, so it's essential to create a thoughtful and deep paper. Proposal essays are typical in company and science classes and professions, but are also helpful for a range of distinct disciplines. Research proposals might also be written by students who want to explore a given subject, or by professionals who wish to expand their horizons inside their field by studying a particular matter. A research proposal should begin with the definition of the issue. The Downside Risk of Proposal Written The abstract should not be the previous portion of the proposal that's written. If you wish to understand how to compose a proposal, you must comprehend the differences. Apart from business proposals, there are different kinds of proposals that everyone can encounter, like a research proposal. A business proposal is easily the most important portion of your whole venture. Even in the event the proposal you write isn't the normal proposal, you will probably require a lot of the information that does make up the entire proposal, but in an abbreviated form. Writing a successful proposal can be made easier through the maturation of a proposal checklist that has the necessary standardized information that's typically contained in 80% of all your sales proposals. There are many kinds of proposals, like a budget proposal and event proposal. The Proposal Written Cover Up Because proposal essays are a sort of argumentative essay, you would like to be certain the essay is worthy of an argument. Now you have a notion about what a proposal essay is and the way to select the perfect topic to compose your own essay, below are some examples of proposal essay topics. The project narrative stipulates the meat of your proposal and might call for several subsections. There is addition ally a great article on how best to compose a winning proposal. The New Angle On Proposal Written Just Released Employing proposal examples is a superb method to learn from somebody else's experience and produce an outstanding powerful proposal. Proposals offer a way of promoting yourself and your enterprise. They aim to be approved by the people involved. Creating proposals needs a great deal of thinking. New Questions About Proposal Written Dissemination efforts ought to be tailored to certain clients and target audiences. Proposal presentations differ from written reports since you should capture and take care of the audience's attention right from the beginning. Writing a proposal, you've got to make sure that all is well considered. Many proposals take a literature review. Reviewing some sample written proposals will be able to help you to decide what should be included in your proposal. Writing a proposal might be a tedious and complicated undertaking, especially if asking for a grant. Unless you're employed as a full-time designer with an agency or company, you're likely in business for yourself as a freelancer, meaning you will have to compose quite a few of proposals over your career to constantly secure new customers. The terms business proposal and business plan are frequently used interchangeably, but it's important to try to remember they are, in reality, not something similar. A business program is often written by companies and given to investors as a way to peak interest to get financial backing as soon as the business would like to try out something new. In it, you'll need to include your basic plan for the business and the way it will grow later on. An excellent proposal may not only earn a consumer buy an item, but it may also attract new consumers. A business proposal is a written document that provides a certain product or service to a prospective buyer or client. It offers a service or product to the potential client. A proposal or a presentation for your company may be the secret to success. Proposal Written - What Is It? There are several things you will have to cover in your proposal letter. All written proposals should contain some crucial elements within them so as to make sure that serious consideration is provided to the idea. The idea of writing a proposal overwhelms many men and women, but the task does not need to be daunting. The dissertation proposal example template would provide you with space to write about the subject of your dissertation and the angle that you're going to explore in your research.

Case Study – Gianna

Question: Describe about the Case Study for Gianna. Answer: 1: The acetabula femoraljoint present between the acetabulum and femur of the pelvis is known as the hip joint (Buller et al., 2012). The primary function of this joint is to support the weight of the body both in static that is while standing and in the dynamic state that is while running or walking. Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones becomes weak and are more susceptible to fracture (Chen Kubo, 2014). Osteoporosis sometimes referred to porous bones. This low bone density is more common in women than in men (Wren Gilsanz, 2015). The pathophysiology of osteoporosis may be understood as the thinning of the bones, which results in a painful fracture. No one is aware of osteoporosis until the individual encounters a fracture though there remains symptoms of the disorder like a backache, gradual loss of height accompanied with stooped posture. The occurrence of the back pain due to the change in the vertebrae can be considered as the first sign of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis the cause behind 1.5 million fractures every year (Varacallo Fox, 2014). Compression fractures in the spinal cord are very common; the tiny fractures in the vertebra result in the collapse and alter the shape of the spine. It also results in hip fractures which ultimately results in sustainable mobility problems and even increase the risk of death. Other fractures like the pelvic fracture, wrist fracture, and other fractures are common in the case of the person having osteoporosis (Dehamchia-Rehailia et al., 2014). The bones are being rebuilt throughout the lifetime of an individual. The bones are mainly composed of a protein called collagen which provides the main framework and a mineral that is calcium phosphate which hardens the bones (Sol et al., 2016). As the age of a person increases the individual loses more bone. After five to seven years of menopause there comes the greatest change in the womens bone density. Loss of bone density is natural, but it does not mean that people will lose bone density so much so as to be diagnosed with osteoporosis. As one grows old the chance of developing osteoporosis increases. Different studies show that more than 80% of the women are prone to develop osteoporosis (Nguyen Seeman, 2015). The reason behind this is that the woman normally have thinner bones than men, and also as there is a rapid decline in the bone density of the women after the menopause. From last two decades, the treatment for osteoporosis has totally changed. Nowadays patients with a fracture in the hipbone due to osteoporosis are recommended treatment in the form of Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) (Byrd, 2013). THA is a procedure of replacement of the diseased bones or cartilage of the hip joint with artificial material by surgery. It consists of the replacing both the femoral head and the acetabulum. 2: According to the case study, Gianna Rossi is a 79 years old woman. The name of her husband is Antonio. He died four months ago, and they have five adult children. Gianna is presently living with her elder son Luca and his family. Gianna is woman of length 158cm having a body weight of 89 kgs and a BMI of 35. Her medical history states that she had osteoporosis and hypertension. She was experiencing pain in the left hip from last few months. A X-Ray revealed a fracture in the left hip due to osteoporosis. Gianna was recommended a total hip arthroplasty (THA). Gianna after completing Total Hip Arthroplasty was transferred to the post-anesthetic recovery room (PARU). In the Post Anaesthetic Recovery room Gianna was drowsy and was sleeping in the supine position. Most of the agents that are used as a general anesthetic to relieve the pain drastically change the control of breathing. They impact on the chemical control of an individuals breathing or ventilation. Anesthesia, opioids, and surgery exert many affects in the clinical condition of the patient. Anesthesia causes chills and shivers, and researchers have suggested that this may happen due to the cooling of the body. Certain studies reveal the fact that in regards to opioid as an anesthetic, it affects the chemical control of respiration. Gianna has a respiration rate of 10. However, a respiration rate less than 12 and more than 16 is considered to be an abnormal medical condition (Al-Ali et al., 2015). This means that Gianna has a low respiration rate. Upon waking up Gianna was complaining about the pain, so she was administered with 5mg of Morphine and later IV analgesia. It is observed th at these medicines had a very positive effect on her health. But Morphine is an opioid which may be responsible for lowering her respiration rate per minute to 10. With such a decrease in respiration rate, it is suggested that oxygen be provided to the patient. She had been administered oxygen at a rate of 6L/min with the help of a Hudson mask. The administration of oxygen is very important in this case because a decline in respiration rate should immediately be increased and stabilized for the betterment and fast recovery of the patient. The case study of Gianna suggests that before her discharge from the "Post anesthetic recovery room (PARU), her signs and symptoms reflected certain abnormalities in the circulation process of the patient. She has been estimated to have a loss of 1500mls of blood along with a Redivac drain of 200mls of blood. The IDC had drained 30ml of concentrated urine for an hour. She was also administered with packed cells for over two hours. A body temperature of 36 degree Celsius, pulse rate of 110, and blood pressure of 95/50 were the features of Gianna when she was examined after the surgery. The observation indicates that Gianna had a low blood pressure, her pulse rate is more, and the body temperature is less than normal and an increased pulse rate. All these may be due to the use of the anesthetic. Anesthesia is a kind of drug that is used to make the patient unconscious either a specific area or the whole body during a surgery. However, some cases are reported that such drugs result in a significant drop in the blood pressure. A large thermal stress may be imposed due to the attenuation of normal homeostatic thermoregulation during the course of anesthesia and surgery (Hoffmann et al., 2016). According to Mahmoud (2015), the consumption of an opioid like Morphine can be responsible for the development of postural hypotension. Hypothermia is referred to a state where the body temperature of an individual gets lower than the normal body temperature (38 degree Celsius). In the case of Gianna, it is observed that her body temperature was 36 degree Celsius which is lower than the normal body temperature. This condition is referred to hypothermia. This occurs because there is no movement of the muscles during the surgery and subsequently there is no heat generation during the process. A foam abduction pillow was provided between the legs of Gianna so that the position of the leg is not disturbed because if the position of the leg is disturbed several times it will increa se the chance of development of pain. After surgery other than ventilation and circulation, consciousness is also affected. When Gianna was carried to the Post anesthetic recovery room (PARU), she was drowsy as well as in a supine position. She was under sound sleep. During her unconsciousness, she was unable to realize the pain in her bones. However, as soon as she regains consciousness it was observed that she is having a tremendous amount of pain and she starts complaining about the pain. General anesthesia suppresses the central nervous system activities. Anesthetics are the drugs which produce functional disconnection in the posterior complex as it interrupts the communication of the cortical which results in the loss of integration. This is the main reason behind the patient losing consciousness. Anesthesia can be of different types such as local anesthesia, regional anesthesia, full body anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, and epidural anesthesia (Allman et al., 2016). The types of drugs used for anesthesia includes ge neral anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, narcotics, neuromuscular blocking drugs, and analgesics (Tranquilli et al., 2013). During the emergence from general anesthesia care should be taken because there remains a risk of complication. About 9.8% of the patients are reported to have nausea and vomiting during the period of emergence but it varies depending upon the procedure and type of anesthesia (De Oliveira et al., 2013). 3: Gianna has undergone Total Hip Arthroplasty because there was a fracture in her left hip due to osteoporosis. After surgery, she was transferred to the post-anesthetic recovery room. At that time Gianna was unconscious, and it was unable to awake her. Her medical condition states that there was a lowering of her blood pressure, her pulse rate was abnormal, and she was having hypothermia. Gianna was eating and drinking well, but she needs assistance for the activities of the daily living like dressing, bathing, and toileting. Gianna is concerned about the maintenance of her independence after discharge. Gianna is using a four-wheeled walker for her mobility but requires a supervision of someone, but her son Luca, and his wife work long hours during the day. So considering the safety of Gianna a caregiver must be appointed to provide assistance and supervise the activities of daily living of Gianna. Due to mobility Gianna was encountering a lot of pain in her hip portion. To manage her pain she was administered with one gram paracetamol tablets every 6 hours or four times daily and with 100mg of tramadol tablets every 12 hours or twice daily. A dry dressing of the incision on the hip should be done once or twice a day (Brown et al., 2014). The dressing should be done by a professional medical practitioner very carefully. No ointments or cream should be applied to the incision until six weeks after the surgery. Gianna can take shower after four days of the surgery but she should not soak the incision in bathtub, or a pool for at least six weeks after the surgery. A shower chair can be dramatically helpful for the comfort of Gianna while taking a shower. While moving the support of walker or crutches is very necessary because it will protect her from falling and also allow the growth of the bone into the hip replacement components. At the time of sleeping Gianna must keep a pillow between her legs. It is best for Gianna to sleep on the right because she had an o peration on the left hip. If conditions like increase of pain, more redness or drainage around the incision, arise Gianna must immediately take pain alleviating medication and inform it to her doctor or medical practitioner. Reference: Al-Ali, A., Majmudar, A. B., Kinast, E. K., O'reilly, M. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,066,680. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Allman, K., Wilson, I., O'Donnell, A. (Eds.). (2016).Oxford handbook of anaesthesia. Oxford university press. Brown, G., Weber, D., De Bie, K. (2014). Assessing the value of public lands using public participation GIS (PPGIS) and social landscape metrics.Applied Geography,53, 77-89. Buller, L. T., Rosneck, J., Monaco, F. M., Butler, R., Smith, T., Barsoum, W. K. (2012). Relationship between proximal femoral and acetabular alignment in normal hip joints using 3-dimensional computed tomography.The American journal of sports medicine,40(2), 367-375. Byrd, J. T. (2013). Total Hip Arthroplasty. InOperative Hip Arthroscopy(pp. 359-366). Springer New York. Chen, H., Kubo, K. Y. (2014). Bone three-dimensional microstructural features of the common osteoporotic fracture sites.World J Orthop,5(4), 486-495. De Oliveira Jr, G. S., Castro-Alves, L. J. S., Ahmad, S., Kendall, M. C., McCarthy, R. J. (2013). Dexamethasone to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Anesthesia Analgesia,116(1), 58-74. Dehamchia-Rehailia, N., Ursu, D., Henry-Desailly, I., Fardellone, P., Paccou, J. (2014). Secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures: evaluation of the Amiens University Hospitals fracture liaison service between January 2010 and December 2011.Osteoporosis International,25(10), 2409-2416. Hoffmann, U., Sheng, H., Ayata, C., Warner, D. S. (2016). Anesthesia in Experimental Stroke Research.Translational Stroke Research, 1-10. Mahmoud, S. (2015).Comparison between Morphine and Morphine plus Ketamine for postoperative pain relief after orthopaedic surgery(Doctoral dissertation, UOFK). Nguyen, T. V., Seeman, E. (2015). Osteoporosis: Treat or Let Die Twice More Likely.Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,30(9), 1551-1552. Sol, P., Martins, A., Reis, R. L., Neves, N. M. (2016). Advanced polymer composites and structures for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.Nanocomposites for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration, 123. Tranquilli, W. J., Thurmon, J. C., Grimm, K. A. (Eds.). (2013).Lumb and Jones' veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. John Wiley Sons. Varacallo, M. A., Fox, E. J. (2014). Osteoporosis and its complications.Medical Clinics of North America,98(4), 817-831. Wren, T. A., Gilsanz, V. (2015). Bone Density. InPediatric Orthopedic Imaging(pp. 903-915). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Essay Sample - Strengths of the Adversarial System an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Strengths of the Adversarial System by Expert Tutor Maya | 27 Jul 2016 In the Adversarial System the courtroom is compared to a battlefield with the state as the prosecution and the accused and his lawyer as the defending party each praying that the court will believe their side of the controversy. In this system, the state, represented by the state prosecutor, leads the prosecution of the case. The state prosecutor seeks to prove that the accused is guilty of the crime beyond reasonable doubt. The accused on the other hand does not need to prove his innocence since he is already entitled to a constitutional presumption of innocence. Both parties are given their respective opportunity to present pieces of evidence and to present relevant laws so as to persuade the neutral judge. Need essay sample on "Strengths of the Adversarial System" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper today? Essay writers advise: Proceed With Order Now Websites To Help Write a College Essay Order an Essay Online Where to Pay for Papers Written Cheap Essays The adversarial system offers the greater opportunity for the litigants to establish their own case without under interference by any other party. If the prosecution wins that is because they were able to rebut the constitutional presumption of innocence and that they were able to adduce proof that the accused is indeed guilty of the crime charged. On the other hand, if the case against the defendant is dismissed then that is because either the accused is innocent of the crime charged or that the prosecutions evidence was weak and that they were not able to prove rebut the constitutional presumption of innocence. Either way, the determination of truth is mainly in the hands of the disputing parties. In the adversarial system, the theory is that no party has the upper hand. This means that though the injured party has the entire machinery of the state on his hand to help him in the prosecution of the accused, the accused however has the constitutional presumption of innocence. In the beginning, he does not really have to do anything because of this presumption since the burden of proof is upon the prosecution. It is only when in the course of the trial, the prosecution has successfully overcome this constitutional presumption that the burden of proof shifts to the defendant. When this happens he must adduce evidence to prove his claim so that the burden of proof will once against shift to the prosecution. The equality in the adversarial system between the disputing parties is manifested in the fact that the court frowns upon any surprise tactic during trial. The court does not allow any surprises that may be utilized by one of the parties to throw the other party off guard. It is because of this reason that the methods of discovery procedure are available to both parties. The discovery procedure aims to encourage the parties to lay their cards on the table so that no undue advantage is given to either party. The eyewitness testimony is one of the most frequently used evidence during trial. Though it is one of the most unreliable, juror and judges however rely on them for their decisions. The unreliability of eyewitness testimony has been the subject of research by many scientists, among them Gary Wells. Citing Scheck (2000), Wells states that more than 100 people who were convicted prior to the advent of forensic DNA have now been exonerated by DNA tests, and more than 75% of these people were victims of mistaken eyewitness identification. The adversarial system seeks to reduce if not totally eliminate the possibility that an accused may be convicted because of the errors or biases of a witness in view of the order in the presentation of evidence wherein the prosecution and the defense are given the opportunity to present their evidence and at the same time be given the opportunity to challenge the evidence presented by the opposing party. In the adversarial system, the order in the presentation of individual witness starts with the direct examination, followed by the cross-examination, the re-direct examination and the re-cross examination. Also, as a system, the adversarial system is more cost-effective system compared to the inquisitorial system. To reiterate the role of the judge or the jury here is merely to appreciate the evidence and the rule of law presented by the disputing parties. They are not burdened with the duty of looking for the evidence that is not only time consuming and costly for the state but it detracts the mind away of the magistrate from the its more important function which is its duty to adjudicate the dispute. In the adversarial system, the magistrates or the jurys function is more concentrated on its function of hearing the parties and giving the decision. References: Skolnick, Paul.(2004) Sex differences, weapon focus, and eyewitness reliability. The Journal of Social Psychology. August 11, 1994 Wells, Garry and Olson, Elizabeth. (2003) Eyewitness Testimony. Annual Review of Psychology.

Free Essays on Poes The Cask Of Amontillado

Poe’s â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a story about revenge and the workings of the twisted mind of a man who is fixed on it. In this short story, there are many examples of symbolism and foreshadowing. The theme that is prevalent is man’s domination of his fortune which has been unkind to him. Edgar Allen Poe utilizes the characters, Montressor and Fortunato, to represent two distinct psychological entities in his short story, "The Cask of Amontillado." Montressor, who represents the human emotion of revenge, portrays an angry man who will stop at nothing to seek revenge on his friend, Fortunato, who insulted and humiliated him. Fortunato, on the other hand, represents the human emotion of pride. Because he insists that he is the only one who can tell the difference between "Amontillado and Sherry," he ultimately sets himself up for his own demise. Montressor, like many villains who prey on the faults and weaknesses of their victims, realizes early on in his plot to kill Fortunato, that his friend's passion for wine will be the most effective way to seize him down into the vaults where he intends to bury him. He nonchalantly mentions to Fortunato that he has purchased a bottle of wine at the carnival, but is unsure if the wine is Amontillado or an imposter. He tells Fortunato that he is going to ask Luchresi, a proclaimed vintage wine connoisseur, to decipher the type Caputo 2 of wine in the bottle. Montressor knows that Fortunato's pride will not allow him to let Luchresi test the wine. Fortunato insists that he is the only one that can accurately tell what type of wine was purchased, and therefore insists on tasting the wine himself. Montressor acts surprised by his friend's decision and even acts sympathetic towards Fortunato's failing health issues, but deep down he knows that his plot is working e... Free Essays on Poe's The Cask Of Amontillado Free Essays on Poe's The Cask Of Amontillado Poe’s â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a story about revenge and the workings of the twisted mind of a man who is fixed on it. In this short story, there are many examples of symbolism and foreshadowing. The theme that is prevalent is man’s domination of his fortune which has been unkind to him. Edgar Allen Poe utilizes the characters, Montressor and Fortunato, to represent two distinct psychological entities in his short story, "The Cask of Amontillado." Montressor, who represents the human emotion of revenge, portrays an angry man who will stop at nothing to seek revenge on his friend, Fortunato, who insulted and humiliated him. Fortunato, on the other hand, represents the human emotion of pride. Because he insists that he is the only one who can tell the difference between "Amontillado and Sherry," he ultimately sets himself up for his own demise. Montressor, like many villains who prey on the faults and weaknesses of their victims, realizes early on in his plot to kill Fortunato, that his friend's passion for wine will be the most effective way to seize him down into the vaults where he intends to bury him. He nonchalantly mentions to Fortunato that he has purchased a bottle of wine at the carnival, but is unsure if the wine is Amontillado or an imposter. He tells Fortunato that he is going to ask Luchresi, a proclaimed vintage wine connoisseur, to decipher the type Caputo 2 of wine in the bottle. Montressor knows that Fortunato's pride will not allow him to let Luchresi test the wine. Fortunato insists that he is the only one that can accurately tell what type of wine was purchased, and therefore insists on tasting the wine himself. Montressor acts surprised by his friend's decision and even acts sympathetic towards Fortunato's failing health issues, but deep down he knows that his plot is working e...

Social Media Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Media Companies - Essay Example Everything is two sided, Facebook is no different. It has its pros as well as its cons. This proposal will comprehensively present how Facebook is negatively impacting the Saudi society. â€Å"Facebook is taking over the world, and that’s no exaggeration. Everyone from eager-to-fit-in tweens to educated business people to intrigued grandparents has joined the phenomenon, and unsurprisingly many teenagers have also caught Facebook fever.† (Facebook Addiction) The people in Saudi Arabia are very hard-working but they have been distracted by Facebook, their valuable time is being squandered browsing through Facebook. This is hampering their growth and this is also hampering the overall growth of the country. The younger generation is completely hooked on to Facebook and they use slang language which is again bad for them. Using slang language is affecting their language skills and making them incompetent. Facebook has had its share of problems; thieves use Facebook to know when certain people are going on vacation so that they can rob their house. Credit card numbers have been stolen using Facebook; a woman in Australia was murdered when she went and met her friend who she had met through Facebook. All these instances show that people in Saudi Arabia are losing their privacy and are openly flirting with danger. â€Å"Facebook and its co-founder Mark Zuckerberg are being sued for more than $1billion over a page that was on the social networking site that called for violence against Jews.† (Facebook Sued) This is just one of many evidences which clearly show that this social networking website can cause religious havoc and this is why the people in Saudi Arabia should never get carried away with what they see on this website. It has already caused political havoc in the middle-east which has led to several economical problems; it has also led to vandalism. The same may happen all over again and it is high time to stop this from happening. Saudi Arabia is a very conservative country; the majority of people residing in the country are Muslims. Islam is openly discussed on the website and people with very little or absolutely no knowledge about Islam have been spreading propaganda which could again lead to damage beyond repair. Facebook is also considered a rich source of news by the Saudi people who use it on a daily basis, there is a possibility that other people may try and spread false news which may impact the nation. To conclude it is very fair to say that Facebook addiction is nothing but a waste of time, money and effort. It is high time to spread this message and to ensure that the productive time of people does not get wasted on Facebook. Companies can certainly profit from these websites but they should stay away from controversy as much as plausible. Works Cited Facebook Addiction. Facebook Addiction Disorder. n.p., Web. Retrieved from: Facebook Sued. Daily Mail. n.p., Web. Retri

What are the basic task dimensions of work systems such as jobs Essay

What are the basic task dimensions of work systems such as jobs - Essay Example These dimensions are a collaborative work of Timothy Butler, Director of Career Development Programs at Harvard Business School, and James Waldroop of Peregrine Partners. According to them these dimensions are: The research is based on the fact that where there is discretionary task completion, there is less participatory work of designing job elements as the task is determined by his / her subjective standards (Yuen, Hopp, & Iravani). SPIEGELAERE, S. D. (2012). Job Design and Innovative Work Behavior: One Size Does Not Fit All Types of Employees.  Job Design and Innovative Work Behavior: One Size Does Not Fit All Types of Employees,  8(4). Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/2411133/Job_Design_and_Innovative_Work_Behavior_One_Size_Does_Not_Fit_All_Types_of_Employees Yuen, G., Hopp, W. J., & Iravani, S. M. (n.d.). Operation Systems with Discretionary Task Completion.  Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. Retrieved  March  11, 2013, from

An analysis of Strategic management

An analysis of Strategic management Initially strategic management was of most use to large corporations operating in multiple industries. Increasing risk of error, costly mistakes and even economic ruin are causing todays professional managers in all organizations to take strategic management seriously in order to keep their company competitive in an increasing volatile environment. (Frery 2006) Different authors have described strategic management as followed: The strategic management is used to present to strategic formulation, implementation and evaluation with strategic planning referring only the strategy formulation (Pearce Robinson 2000) the intention of the strategic management is to develop and produce new and different opportunities for future. As Mr. Potter refers that Strategy is the direction of an organization over the long term which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the fulfilling stakeholder expectations. This in turn led to organizational development activities as reorganizing, new definitions of roles, jobs and etc. (Potter 1996) And also it can be carried in the strategic management is that set of managerial decision and action that determines the long run performance of a corporation. It includes environment scanning (both external and internal).strategic formulation (strategic or long range planning), strategic implementation and evaluation and control. As this definition implies, strategic management focuses on integrating management, marketing, finance, and production / operations, research and development and computer information system to achieve organizational success. (Hoskisson, Hitt Wan 1999) The study of strategic management therefore emphasizes the monitoring and evaluating of external opportunities and threats in light of a corporations strengths and weaknesses. Strategic management as a field of study incorporates the integrative concerns of business policy with a heavier environmental and strategic emphasis. Therefore strategic management has tended to replace business policy as the preferred name of the field. (Hoskisson, Hitt Wan 1999) The strategic management is a core area for an organization in order to explore the problems which result in success or failure. Strategic management has been defined as that set of decisions and actions which lead to the development of an effective strategy or strategies to help achieve corporate objectives. (Luffman, Lea, Sanderson and Kenny 1996) Basic stages of strategic management: The strategic management process consists of four basic stages. Environmental scanning, strategic formulation, strategic implementation, and evaluation and control. Environmental scanning:- Before an organization can begin strategy formulation, it must scan the environment to identify possible opportunities and threats and as well the strength and weaknesses. Environmental scanning is the monitoring, evaluating and disseminating of information from the internal and the external environments to key people within the organization. A organization use this method to avoid strategic surprise and to ensure its long term health. Research has found a positive relationship between environmental scanning and profit (Thomas, Clark Gioia 1993) Strategic formulation:- This is the expansion of the long range plans for the effective management of environmental opportunities and threats as well as the organization strength and weakness. It consist of defining the corporate mission, identify achievable objective, rising strategies the setting policies. Strategy formulation issue include deciding what new business to enter, what businesses to abandon, how to allocate resources, whether to expand operations or identify, whether to enter international markets, whether to merge or form a joint venture and how to avoid a hostile. Because every organizations have limited resources itself. So strategists ought to decide which alternative strategy will be benefit for the firm most. Top managers have the best perception of understanding effect of strategy formulation and they are the persons who have the authority to commit the resources necessary for implementation. (Hitt Michael 2006.) Strategic implementation:- Strategic implementation is the most difficult stage in strategic management. This process requires a firm to establish annual objectives, devise policies, motivate employees and allocate resources for the implementation of the formulated strategies. This is the process that converts the strategies and policies in to the action through the development of programs. Strategy implementation includes developing a strategy-supportive culture, creating an effective organizational structure, redirecting marketing efforts, plan the budgets, developing and utilizing information system and linking employee payment to organization performance. (Hitt Michael 2006.) Evaluation and control:- Strategic evaluation is the final stage in the strategic management. The purpose of this process is to evaluate the actual performance of an organization to do the comparison with the desire result. Because the strategic management processes were inappropriately used, operational managers must know about it. So that they can correct the employee activity. Evaluating and controlling is the major element of the strategic management to identify the weaknesses in previous executed strategic planes and thus stimulated the entire process to begin again. And all strategies are the subject to future modification because external and internal factors are continuously changing. Followings are the three fundamental strategy evaluation activities Reviewing external and internal factors that are the bases for current strategies. Measuring performance. Talking corrective action. (Hitt Michael 2006.) The phases of the strategic management: A firm generally evolves through the following four basic phases of strategic management Basic financial planning (phase. 1):- The project is based on the analysis very little proposed with the most information from the organization. The sales typically offer the small amount of environmental protection, information. Such simple operational planning is only pretending, strategic management, and it is quite time consuming. The time horizon is usually one year. (Gluck, Kaufman Welleck 1982) Forecast based planning (phase.2):- In addition to internal information, managers gather available data from environment to extrapolate the current trend of five years and future. This phase also time consuming. The process gets very political as managers compete for larger share and funds. The time horizon is usually three to five years. (Gluck, Kaufman Welleck 1982) Externally oriented planning (phase.3):- Top level management controls the planning process by the introduction of strategic planning. The company tries to increase its responsiveness to changing markets and competition through strategic thinking. Top management typically develops five-year plan with the help of consultants but input from lower levels. (Gluck, Kaufman Welleck 1982) Strategic management (phase.4):- The employees at many levels from various departments and works groups develop and integrate a serious of strategic plans aimed at achieving the companys primary objectives. The complicated annual five years plan is replaced with the help of all levels of the organization throughout the year. (Gluck, Kaufman Welleck 1982) Levels of strategic management: Strategy exists at a number of levels in an organization. They are, Corporate level strategy:- This is concerned about the overall scope of an organization and how value will be added to the different units of an organization. Corporate strategy tropically fit with the three main categories of stability, expansion and reduction of expenditure. (Ansoff 2002) According to Michael potter, a firm must formulate a business strategy that incorporates cost leadership, differentiation or focus in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage and long term success in its chosen areas or industries. (Potter 1993). Alternatively, according to Kim and Mauborgne, an organization can achieve high growth and profits by creating a blue ocean strategy that breaks the previous value cost trade off by simultaneously pursuing both differentiation and low cost. (Kim Mauborgne 2007) Eg:- Nicholas piramal follower a corporative growth strategy in order to have more share formulation drugs In corporate strategy, Johnson, Scholes and Whittington present models in which strategic option are evaluated against three key success criteria, Suitability (would it work?) Feasibility (can it be made to work) Acceptability (will they work it) (Johnson, Scholes Whittington 2008) Business level strategy:- The second level is business level strategy which is about how various businesses included in the business strategy and compete in their particular markets. Because of this reason business strategy is called as competitive strategy. This typically concerns issues such as pricing strategy, innovation or differentiation instance by better quality. So where ever corporate level strategy involves decision about the overall organization as a whole, strategic decision related to particular strategic business unit within the overall organization. (Johnson, Scholes Whittington 2008) According to Potters statement The business strategy must be maintained continually, in line with changes in the business and its environment. It should be formally reviewed at least annually as part of the business planning round; it provides the context for progress reporting on strategic themes. (Potter 1993). The business strategy must always show progress against plans to date, to enable planners to determine the current business environment and the impact that specific change programs and projects will have on the organization as a whole. There must be accurate, timely information about: Major investments to date, the corporate risk register, For each major investment, the risks associated with it. (Potter 1996) Operational strategy:- The third level of strategy is at the operating end of an organization. This is an approach taken by the functional areas to achieve the corporate objectives and strategies by maximizing the resources productivity.