The Bipolar Brain and the Creative Mind Essay - 1434 Words

The Bipolar Brain and the Creative Mind Our hospital was famous and had housed many great poets and singers. Did the hospital specialize in poets and singers, or was it that poets and singers specialized in madness? ... What is it about meter and cadence and rhythm that makes their makers mad? (1) The link between madness and creativity is one that has been hotly debated in both medical and literary circles for a long time. The two most common types of mental illness theorized to be an influence on creative people such as writers, artists, and poets were schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (2). However, various studies comparing the characteristics of schizophrenics, bipolars, and writers have concluded that schizophrenics do not†¦show more content†¦The other half of bipolar disorder is that which accounts for the great number of suicides among the ranks of bipolar patients: depression (3). Roughly 20% of bipolars committed suicide before effective treatments for the ailment became available (2). Depression is characterized by such symptoms as feelings of exhaustion, sleeping either much more or much less than usual, lowered self-worth, lowered enthusiasm for life, and contemplation of suicide (3). These depressions can last as long as six months to a year. They are f rustrating and frightening to deal with, for unlike other forms of depression there is often no cause for the reversal in mood (3). Patients can cycle rapidly through depressive and manic phases, from four times a year to as often as three or four times a day (3). Manic depression can also be associated with such behavioral problems such as attention deficit disorder (3). Other problems that can appear as a result of the disease are addiction to drugs and alcohol as an attempt to self-medicate, using depressants like alcohol to slow down the manic thought process or using stimulants such as cocaine to attempt to prolong the sense of euphoria also associated with a manic phase (2). Most frightening of all, the disease has been found to be genetic; if one identical twin is bipolar, the other is 80% likely to suffer from it, whether the two are raised together orShow MoreRelatedThe Correlation between Creativity and Madness1594 Words   |  7 Pagesstatement There lies a link between creativity and madness and the association stems from the need of an unconventional thought process to spark creativity and biological factors surrounding the brains of both creative individuals, and mentally ill patients. Could it be Madness? A correlation between a more creative individual and a mentally ill patient exists, and it is highly likeable that the former could be the latter. The issue of whether great mental abilities, whether it’s creativity in crafts suchRead MoreMental Illness And Musicians : Writing A Song Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesthere. Without an emotional basis to stimulate inspiration, nothing of creative value can be accomplished. Musicians consistently look to their emotions when it comes to song writing. Passion is a key ingredient in producing something of artistic significance. By that logic, a more emotional person should also be a more creative one. But what about those with bipolar disorder? Wouldn’t their periods of mania be a sort of creative gold mine? Mental illness can drive creativity and can be proven throughRead MoreEssay about Bipolar Disorder: Illness and Treatment693 Words   |  3 PagesBipolar disorder is characterized by unusual and sudden changes in mood, e nergy, activity levels affecting the ability to perform everyday tasks, impacting negatively relationships, professional life and often leading to suicide. Bipolar disorder usually show signs in adolescence or early adulthood and is a long term condition that must be appropriately treated in order to improve the life quality of the patient. Often people suffering from bipolar disorder also suffer addiction to drugs and alcoholRead MoreBipolar Vs. Depression - Bipolar And Depression974 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar vs. Depression When you think of someone with bipolar disorder or depression you automatically think of someone who is crazy. A lot of very successful people life day to day with this disorder.At the age of 22 ,Demi Lovato, started rehab for her bipolar disorder. Demi got to the point where she would cut herself along with getting addicted to drugs. Demi once said, It s possible to live well, fell well, and also find happiness with bipolar disorder or any other mental illness they reRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Schizophrenia Disorder1354 Words   |  6 PagesAn Unquiet mind was a fascinating book about the life of Kay Redfield Jamison and her battle with manic-depressive disorder, otherwise known as bipolar disorder. This memoir gave an intelligent perspective of the emotional battle people face when dealing with bipolar disorder, as well as an understanding on the reality and nature of this illness. This book follows very closely to the research based on bipolar disorder, which gave a good info rmational perspective as well as emotional insight. ThroughRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Mental Health Diagnosis797 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is a mental health diagnosis when a person can experience extremely different moods. It also can affect the brain during the progression of the illness. A person with this diagnosis usually experiences mood changes of extremely high moods/ manic or extremely low moods which look like depression. There are two different types of Bipolar disorders. The first is Bipolar I which is when a person’s mood can go to severe mania or severe depression. The second type is Bipolar II whichRead MoreThe Surfacing Field Of Posttraumatic Growth1748 Words   |  7 Pagesmental illness one’s mind travels to other thoughts; this is how creative processes form in their mind. They see the world differently than others and create their visions or thoughts onto paper or sculpt it. Creativity can also be an escape from the suffering. Th e surfacing field of posttraumatic growth is showing how people can turn trauma into creative growth. There is evidence that shows links between mental illness and artistic ability. Affective disorders, such as bipolar disorder, have beenRead MoreMarasco 10. . Depression. By. Mary Katherine Marasco. Ms.3212 Words   |  13 Pageschanges in brain chemistry. Interestingly, the same changes in brain chemistry associated with mental illness also contribute to higher levels of creativity, higher IQs, and overall cognitive function, creating the famous characterization of the Mad Genius. Comment by Grammarly: Deleted:, Comment by Grammarly: Deleted:h Comment by Grammarly: Deleted:ghe Comment by Grammarly: Deleted:at Comment by Grammarly: Deleted:, Instead, the brain controls emotion. Many abnormalities in the brain lead to depressionRead MoreEssay on Edgar Allen Poes Fall of House of Usher1733 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder affects many people today as well as in the time of Edgar Allen Poe when it was then called melancholia. Poe was diagnosed with this disorder and it plays an integral role in his story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† (1839). This story is heavily influenced by this disorder or its presently associated symptoms and also describes one way that bipolar disorder can genetically affect an entire family. To fully understand a story involving this disorder, it is cardinal to know theRead MoreThe, The And, And Artist, Georgia O Keefee, By Edgar Allen Poe1108 Words   |  5 Pagesmust be some scientific explanation to account for so many creative minds succumbing to their darkness. Not until 1987 did researchers begin to explore this link. Dr. Nancy Andreason of the University of Iowa found that a sample of creative writers had significantly higher levels of bipolar disorder than a control group of similar intelligence. She also discovered that â€Å" the writer’s first-degree relatives were more likely both to be creative and predisposed to mental illness, implying that the two

The American Dream By James Madison - 1661 Words

Parth Patel Honors English III 2nd Hour 4/27/16 James Madison stated â€Å"That part of America which had encouraged them most had advanced most rapidly in population, agriculture and the art.† This means that if our American goal is to do something, we will not only do that task, we will be the best in the world at it. Also we went out west because we were encouraged to go west, not that we had to.This represents the path we took to settle the west. We went out west first to get the gold and then we would build railroad and then cities would emerge. The American dream is always changing for different people in different times. The American dream during this time period was to get control of all the land out west and unite it. We would be settling the west for many years but it shows our American Dream in settling the west was to make the west advanced as the east. People who moved and settled western lands were motivated to do so for the many reasons. Many people believed that you go west to get a new and better life. The west was filled with opportunities like the abundance of land. This land was sold cheap to farmers who would take care for it and a positive was that no one farmed and used up all the nutrients in the soil. There was also opportunities to hunt for buffalo and make money by selling the hide and meat. With the demand on meat in the growing eastern cities, people also moved west to raise cattle. With the declining rates of the buffalo it would free upShow MoreRelatedA Birth Of A Legend1663 Words   |  7 PagesIt was a birth of a legend; it did not start with â€Å"once up one a time† because the story was not a fiction, but the man himself was like a fictional hero. Father of a nation. James Madison born in Port Conway Virginia, from James Madison and Eleanor Rose Conway in 1751. He was youngest of twelve kids, and only seven of them could made through adulthood. His father was a tobacco planter having more than 4,000-acre land and many slaves. Life was not generous and compassionate when it came to his healthRead MoreLeading The War of 1812: Sir Isaac Brock and Tecumseh Essay example1621 Words   |  7 Pageshave had a strong alliance but together could not find a way to defeat the freedom-loving American people or it’s president, James Madison. These three men all had powerful leadership roles and largely affected the War of 1812 and changed the future of North America. Tecumseh, the Shawnee war chief, James Madison, the United States President, and Sir Isaac Brock, the British commander of Canada, all had dreams for the future, and the War of 1812 would determine which of these would come true. TecumsehRead MoreI Had A Dream Speech By Martin Luther King Jr.1684 Words   |  7 Pagesmemorial, history was changed. On that very day, the most known social activist of that day, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his â€Å"I had a dream speech† In the duration of five minutes, he made history and changed society’s view upon those with a darker skin tone. On that day he changed many opinions and views, in the matter of five minutes. He proved that we, the American people have the power to change a nation through our words. Not only can we change the world with our voice, but we can change the worldRead MoreJohn Locke And James Harrington Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Philosophers such as John Locke and James Harrington along with the seekers of religious freedom the Pilgrims set a standard for government’s role in American’s lives. This standard is then transformed into what James Madison referred to as â€Å"factions† or as contemporary Americans would refer to as Political parties. All of these variables thus factor into how American’s view law and order represented in Supreme Court cases such as Marbury vs. Mad ison along with McCulloch vs. Maryland. UnitedRead MoreImportance Of The Bill Of Rights730 Words   |  3 Pagesliving without soldiers in their own homes. Written by the great James Madison, he wrote after states were pushing for the protection of individual freedoms. But Madison had an influencer when writing the paper, taking off of The Virginia Declaration of Rights. The first ten amendments would be the building blocks on limiting government powers. The Bill of Rights gives Americans protection to do things people in other countries dream they could. It is important to know the Bill of Rights, becauseRead More`` Illiterate America `` By Jonathan Kozol959 Words   |  4 Pages†A people who mean to be their own governors,† James Madison wrote, â€Å"must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg.149) Not knowing who James Madison is may trigger the audience to switch from passive reading to active reading because the allusions motivate them to want to truly understand the text in totality. Kozol occasionally uses analogies; he compares his experience of a terrifying dream he had to the nightmare illiterate Americans call life. â€Å"All the letters on the walls aroundRead MoreAnalysis Of The Je Quan D. Sailes Irving1166 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander Hamilton and James Madison so that they can discuss the if Madison supported Hamilton’s fiscal program, Hamilton would then support Madison by using his influence to assure that the permanent residence of the national capital would be on the Potomac River. Fuss about Hamilton’s fiscal program made politicians wary and concerned about causing the nation go into civil and soon shocked Jefferson and he admitted to George Washington that having the negotiation with Madison and Hamilton was oneRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention Of The United States Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagesmost of the men were wealthy, and more than half had a college level education, which was very rare at the time, but what they all had in common was the goal of creating a stronger, more powerful national government. One anxious delegate named James Madison, a small farmer from Virginia and our future fourth president of the United States, was eager to get this process going, immediately hops on horseback and travels to Pennsylvania, eleven days before the Convention commenced. Unfortunately, horrificRead MoreUnited States Constitution1516 Words   |  7 Pages Novus Ordoro Seclorum is Latin for â€Å"a new order for the ages.† Why did Americans select the constitutional order they did in 1787-1789, and why did they reject a more democratic and confederal form not more than a decade old? â€Å"Having initially hesitated in attending the Convention, once decided, Washington pushed the delegates to adopt ‘no temporizing expedient’ but instead to ‘probe the defects [of the Articles] to the bottom, and provide radical cures,’ from Matthew Spalding, Ph.D. At theRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights By James Madison1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bill of Rights, written in September of 1789, is a legal document that laid out the individual rights of the people, state, and the national government. The author of these rights was James Madison, a Virginia congressman who had proposed 19 amendments to the House of Representatives, though the original idea of the document came from Thomas Jefferson. 10 of these amendments made it through ratification by the states and, later on, became what is known as the Bill of Rights. Its name comes from

Psychology Substance Abuse and Dependence

Question: Discuss about thePsychologyfor Substance Abuse and Dependence. Answer: Introduction Rashly acting tendency without considering the future consequences is known as impulsivity. It is multi-faced construct which is broadly referred to as the incapability to delay gratification. There are certain psychiatric disorders which are linked strongly with the impulsive behavior which includes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance abuse and dependence, pathological gambling and eating disorders. A very little is known about the impulsivity and there prevails a strong interest to gain better understanding about the processes that are underlying impulsivity. So that the neurobiological mechanism that are contributing the maladaptive behavior symptom of these types of psychopathologies could be fully understand. It is assumed that these understanding will help in the development and betterment of the treatment and prevention strategies of the impulsivity related disorders. In this respect several behavioral measures and self-reports have been made into act wh ich helps to assess several impulsivity components (Cyders Coskunpinar, 2011). Impulsive action and impulsive choice are the two separate components of behavioral impulsivity. Difficulty and delayed gratification and making maladaptive decisions are considered in impulsive choice and it is measured by probability discounting task or delay discounting task which includes a process in which the participants have to choose between large, probabilistic or delayed rewards and small, immediate rewards. To assess impulsive choice in the laboratory risk taking task like Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) have been prepared. Impulsive action refers to the ability by which unwanted or inappropriate behavior is inhibited. To assess the impulsive action there are some laboratory task designed those includes go/no go task, continuous performance task (CPT) and stop signal task (Cyders Coskunpinar, 2012). Validity and Reliability The behavioral components of the impulsivity are linked to a substance abuse either as a consequence of drug use or as a pre-existing trait. The drug abuser and heavy drinkers have a tendency to exhibit greater impulsive choice on discounting task, and they also have a more tendency to make a risker decision on the BART. A heightened levels of the behavioral disinhibition as compared to controls on the stop signal and the go/no-go tasks is present in the alcohol and drug abusers. Impulsive behavior is also affected by acute doses of certain drugs. Alcohol intake makes an increment in both the impulsive action and in impulsive choice. On the other hand a stimulant drug may either increase or decrease the impulsive behaviors depending the nature of the population studied (Weafer et al., 2013). Recent studies reveal that the drug abusers show greater impulsive action after administration of stimulant. A decrease in the impulsive choice, action and inattention is shown by the healthy con trols. If all these evidences are taken together it becomes quite clear that alcohol and drug use can be the cause of different forms of impulsive behaviors (Verdejo-Garca et al., 2010). Though there is a widespread use of the behavioral impulsivity tasks in the research of substance abuse, but in the establishment of the psychometric properties of them the relative devotion of attention is very less, more precisely reliability of them over repeated administration. Clinical samples give some evidence, particularly individual with ADHD, of moderate to high reliability of tasks assessing impulsive action. Similarly good test-retest reliability in healthy adults is demonstrated by impulsive choice measures (Vonmoos et al., 2013). For delay discounting tasks the correlations that is reported is ranging from r = .64 to r = .91 and have a sample sizes ranging from n = 22 to n = 299. On BART the correlation reported is of r = .77 in a sample size of n=40. A study has been used to examine the reliability of the multiple behavioral impulsivity tasks in the same participants (Bari Robbins, 2013). The study includes a battery of executive function measures that is three impuls ive action measures. For commission errors on the go/no-go task a significant test-retest reliability was observed, but it was not observed for the stop signal measures or CPT. However the sample size in this study was n=23 and the assessment of the reliability of a range of behavioral impulsivity tasks was very important, this also includes the measure of the impulsive choice and inattention, in a larger sample of healthy adults (Derefinko et al., 2014). It is very important that the estimation of the measures of the behavioral impulsivity should be reliable because the question that whether these measures assess temporary states mainly or whether stable traits are reflected by them is addressed by it. Naturally, self-report inventories of impulsive personality are taken to be trait-like measures, whereas behavioral tasks are thought to evaluate more changing states. Depending on an individuals motivation, mood, or level of fatigue the performance may be expected to vary from day to day. In the prediction of the vulnerable states a pronounced day to day variability could be of major interest, however if the day to day variability is very low it is indicated that the performance on the task is a stable, trait like measure. Here the examination of the consistency of performance on these measures that are administered on two separate occasions separated at least by one day, and are used to study the task performance variability accordin g to the variation in the mood (Sharma et al., 2014). The recent studies states that the test-retest reliability of a battery of standardized behavioral impulsivity tasks. The measure that are included in the impulsive choice are probability discounting, delay discounting, and the BART; measures of the impulsive action includes the go/no-go task, stop signal task, and CPT, and the measures of inattention includes the reaction time variability on a simple reaction time task and omission errors on the CPT. The UPPS-P and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale are the two self-report measures of impulsive personality that were widely used (Stahl et al., 2014). Impulsive Choice Delay and Probability Discounting Tasks (DDT and PDT) The relative value of immediate vs. delayed/probable consequences are assessed by these tasks. In these tasks the participants have to make a series of choices between larger, delayed or probabilistic rewards and smaller, immediate rewards. The participants are told that at the end of the session a number will be generated randomly, and depending on that number, they could possibly receive one of the rewards they chose. An altering procedure is used by the task to derive an indifference point at which the definite and probabilistic or delayed and immediate options are judged to be of equivalent subjective value for the participant. The indifference points are plotted to form a discount function, and area under the curve (AUC) of the discount function provides the major dependent measure of impulsive choice. Smaller AUC indicates a steeper discounting curve, and therefore greater impulsivity (Smits et al., 2013). Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) BART is a task in which it provides a measure of risk taking ability. In this task, a balloons appear on the screen, and the participants are told to pump each balloon as large as possible with the help of pressing a key, without exploding the balloon. Every pump upsurges the points earned, but if the balloon explodes, all points are lost from that trial. There were thirty balloons which were presented, and the average number of pumps on trials in which the balloons does not explode are the dependent measure (Kurdziel et al.., 2014). Impulsive Action Stop Signal Task This task deals with the measures of the rapidity of response inhibition. Participants are given instruction to react as rapidly as possible to go signals presented on the screen, and to stop the reactions on the occasional trials in which a stop signal on an auditory tone occurs. The main outcome measure is the time needed to stop a response (Alegre et al., 2013). Go/No-Go Task The go/no-go task deals in the measurement of the ability to obstruct inappropriate reactions when presented with different stimuli. The dependent measure of importance is the number of cases that fails to obstruct a response (Uzefovsky et al., 2016). Continuous Performance Task II This is a task in which the participants have to view a series of letters, and are asked to click a button only when they see a "target" stimulus. The number of false detection of the target stimulus provides the measure of the impulsive action (Mikolov et al., 2013). Inattention Simple Reaction Time Task (SRT) The SRT is a task which is used to measure attention lapses. Participants performed a key press as quickly as possible to a target presented on the screen at variable intervals. Based on a participants delivery of RT, a deviance from the mode score was measured as the variance between a participants mean and modal RT. This value represents the percentage of unusually long RTs, which concluded to reproduce transitory lapses in attention (Gentier et al., 2013). Continuous Performance Task II (CPT) A measure of inattention is also provided by the CPT. The lapses of attention are measured through failures to react to go stimuli that is errors of omission (Mesquita et al., 2016) Impulsive Personality Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) BIS is a scale that comprises 30-item of self-report measure of impulsivity that comprises of three principal impulsivity features: Motor, Non-planning, and Attention (Steinberg et al., 2013). UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) The UPPS-P is a scale which comprises 59-item of self-report inventory which assesses five features of impulsivity: Premeditation, Urgency, Perseverance, Positive Urgency, and Sensation-Seeking (Billieux et al., 2012). Profiles of Mood States (POMS) It is a specification list which consists of 72 adjectives normally used to describe temporary mood states. Eight groups (scales) of objects have been parted empirically using feature analysis (Anger, Anxiety, Vigor, Depression, Fatigue, Friendliness, Confusion, Elation), and from these two composite scales of Arousal and Positive Mood can be measured (Shichiri et al., 2016). Discussion In this study examination of the test-retest reliability of a battery of self-report and behavioral impulsivity measures is done, it includes assessments of impulsive action, impulsive choice, and inattention. Maximum number of the tasks showed high test-retest reliability, the self-report measures represents the highest reliability, tailed by measures of impulsive action and impulsive choice. In contrast the measures of inattention have the least reliability. The Individual variations in mood across sessions were scrutinized in respect to discrepancies in performance across sessions for every behavioral measure. The only relationship that observed was higher positive arousal and mood were linked with less impulsive choice on the DDT. The recent study shows that the high reliability of behavioral measures of impulsivity that is observed is consistent with previous reports. The steady performance observed throughout the sessions proposes that these tasks genuinely assess reasonably stable forms of behavior, consistent with a measure of a trait. Along with this the deficiency of association between the variability in the task performance and variability in the mood measures (except DDT) suggests that the day-to-day changeability in mood is improbable to have a strong impact over the performance of these types of tasks. It is indistinct that why the DDT particularly was related to mood states. However, in spite of the associations between mood and discounting within subjects, the measure establishes high reliability which suggests the impact of mood over performance do not significantly diminish from its stability. Taking these findings as a whole, it can be established that the consistency of examination of the beha vioral impulsivity tasks that supports the continued use of them as indicators of individual differences in the research of substance abuse. The imported thing that is to be noted is that in spite of the great test-retest reliability and analogous mean performance scores detected throughout the sessions, statistically important variances in performance were witnessed for certain of the measures. It will be very important to consider while designing the studies which includes repetitive valuations of behavioral impulsivity. Precisely, it is very crucial that the studies premeditated to inspect how the manipulation shows its influence over impulsivity (for example Alcohol administration, stress-induction, drug administration,) and hire a counter-balanced strategies in order to explain the small changes that should be incorporated in performance over sessions and that are not related to the manipulation of the study. Along with this the participants are allowed to perform acquaintance or rehearsal trials on these types of tasks could be helpful to stabilize performance over forthcoming sessions. The studies of present day had several limitations. The study includes only a certain group of participants which restricts the generalization of the results. However it was necessary that the restrictiveness of the racial make-up of the sample should be there so that the current analyses of the data can be done, it would be significant for forthcoming studies to repeat these finding in a more varied sample. Evidences suggested that impulsivity fluctuates with the phase of menstrual cycle, and this is another feature that should be taken into consideration in respect to reliability of impulsivity tasks in future studies (Perales et al., 2009). Lastly, the recent study only evaluated task performance on two circumstances. Assumed that evaluates the effects of drug on impulsivity measures often include repetitive administrations of variable drug quantities and dosages; it will be very significant to examine constancy of performance through multiple analysis sessions. Overall, the current examination establishes that the behavioral measures of impulsivity are dependable measures and hence can be assuredly used to evaluate the various aspects of impulsivity as intermediate phenotypes of the drug abuse. These tasks can be used to examine relations between current use of drug and impulsive behaviors, the part of impulsivity in forecasting the long-term drug abuse and use, acute drug effects, and the impact of chronic use of drug over impulsive behaviors. Furthermore, these measures can be used potentially to screen pharmacotherapies aiming impulse control procedures in order to fight against alcohol and drug dependency. Ultimately these task are used in the neuroimaging studies and these studies will help in additional understanding of the knowledge about the neurobiological base of the impulsive behavior. Reference Alegre, M., Lopez-Azcarate, J., Obeso, I., Wilkinson, L., Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C., Valencia, M., ... Obeso, J. A. (2013). The subthalamic nucleus is involved in successful inhibition in the stop-signal task: a local field potential study in Parkinson's disease. Experimental neurology, 239, 1-12. Bari, A., Robbins, T. W. (2013). Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control. Progress in neurobiology, 108, 44-79. Billieux, J., Rochat, L., Ceschi, G., Carr, A., Offerlin-Meyer, I., Defeldre, A. C., ... Van der Linden, M. (2012). Validation of a short French version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(5), 609-615. Cyders, M. A., Coskunpinar, A. (2011). Measurement of constructs using self-report and behavioral lab tasks: Is there overlap in nomothetic span and construct representation for impulsivity?. Clinical psychology review, 31(6), 965-982. Cyders, M. A., Coskunpinar, A. (2012). The relationship between self-report and lab task conceptualizations of impulsivity. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 121-124. Derefinko, K. J., Peters, J. R., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Walsh, E. C., Adams, Z. W., Lynam, D. R. (2014). Relations between trait impulsivity, behavioral impulsivity, physiological arousal, and risky sexual behavior among young men. Archives of sexual behavior, 43(6), 1149-1158. Gentier, I., Augustijn, M., Deforche, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Lenoir, M., D'Hondt, E. (2013). Performance in simple and choice reaction time tasks between obese and healthy-weight children and the influence of physical activity. In 2013 Annual conference of the International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (ISBNPA) (pp. 552-553). Kurdziel, G., Collado-Rodriguez, A., Townsend, J. M., MacPherson, L., Lejuez, C. W. (2014). Differences in anxiety sensitivity and sensation-seeking in relation to risk-taking on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Drug Alcohol Dependence, 140, e113. Mesquita, C., Nazar, B. P., Pinna, C. M., Rabelo, B., Serra-Pinheiro, M. A., Sergeant, J., Mattos, P. (2016). How can Continuous Performance Test help to assess inattention when mood and ADHD symptoms coexist?. Psychiatry Research, 243, 326-330. Mikolov, T., Yih, W. T., Zweig, G. (2013, June). Linguistic Regularities in Continuous Space Word Representations. In HLT-NAACL (Vol. 13, pp. 746-751). Perales, J. C., Verdejo-Garca, A., Moya, M., Lozano, ., Prez-Garca, M. (2009). Bright and dark sides of impulsivity: performance of women with high and low trait impulsivity on neuropsychological tasks. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(8), 927-944. Sharma, L., Markon, K. E., Clark, L. A. (2014). Toward a theory of distinct types of impulsive behaviors: A meta-analysis of self-report and behavioral measures. Psychological Bulletin, 140(2), 374. Shichiri, K., Shibuya, M., Watanabe, M., Tahashi, M., Kaminushi, K., Uenoyama, T., ... Suzuki, Y. (2016). Correlations between the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the WHOQOL-26 among Japanese University Students. Health, 8(05), 416. Smits, R. R., Stein, J. S., Johnson, P. S., Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J. (2013). Testretest reliability and construct validity of the Experiential Discounting Task. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 21(2), 155. Stahl, C., Voss, A., Schmitz, F., Nuszbaum, M., Tscher, O., Lieb, K., Klauer, K. C. (2014). Behavioral components of impulsivity. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 143(2), 850. Steinberg, L., Sharp, C., Stanford, M. S., Tharp, A. T. (2013). New tricks for an old measure: The development of the Barratt Impulsiveness ScaleBrief (BIS-Brief). Psychological assessment, 25(1), 216. Uzefovsky, F., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S. (2016). Brief Report: The Go/No-Go Task Online: Inhibitory Control Deficits in Autism in a Large Sample. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 1-6. Verdejo-Garca, A., Lozano, ., Moya, M., Alczar, M. ., Prez-Garca, M. (2010). Psychometric properties of a spanish version of the UPPSP impulsive behavior scale: reliability, validity and association with trait and cognitive impulsivity. Journal of personality assessment, 92(1), 70-77. Vonmoos, M., Hulka, L. M., Preller, K. H., Jenni, D., Schulz, C., Baumgartner, M. R., Quednow, B. B. (2013). Differences in self-reported and behavioral measures of impulsivity in recreational and dependent cocaine users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133(1), 61-70. Weafer, J., Baggott, M. J., de Wit, H. (2013). Testretest reliability of behavioral measures of impulsive choice, impulsive action, and inattention. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 21(6), 475.

The Bermuda Triangle Essays (2125 words) - Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle On a bright, clear June day a plane, passing through what is called the Bermuda Triangle, sends a SOS signal to the tower. Suddenly, the radio contact suffers a break, the plane never makes contact again. One can only imagine what happened to those people aboard the aircraft, many may say that the disappearance concerned UFO's, while others say that it had to be a mistake. Yet, there appears to be another explanation, they were victims of the ?Devil's Triangle?. ?It was described as a place where ships sail off the end of the earth, where planes climb up into the sky never to come down again, and where sailors and airmen disappear forever.?(Winer xiii) Even though this area consumes ships and planes ?at a rate of 40 to 50 a year?(unknown 9), Ralph Stephen, a scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution insist that ?There's absolutely nothing scientific supporting the phenomenon[Bermuda Triangle]. There's nothing mysterious there? (unknown 9). If nothing were there, the unexplainable could be explain and century old mysteries solve, yet no reasonable explanation has come forth, therefore the Devil's Triangle lies waiting for its next victim. The Bermuda Triangle/Devil's Triangle covers about 1,140,000 sq. km (about 440,000 sq. mi.) between the island of Bermuda, the coast of southern Florida, and Puerto Rico. Actually, ?The Devil's Triangle? is not a triangle at all. It is a trapezium, a four-sided area in which no two sides or angles are the same. And the first four letters of the word trapezium more than adequately describe it?(Winer 9). This stretch of sea usually generates fair weather and good seafaring water conditions, these conditions make it hard for some to understand why so many ships and planes seem to disappear in this area. The Bermuda Triangle has been around for many centuries. Actually, it began way before America was named America, it began with Christopher Columbus. ?It is mentioned in the great explorer's chronicle that the night before the history-changing discovery, he and his crew saw what appeared to be a greenish glowing light that at times would move about. Anthropologists theorize that what he saw were cooking fires in fishing canoes of Carib Indians moving up and down in the waves...But no matter what it was, Indians, illusions, or UFO's, that the mariners saw on that night in 1492 along the eastern fringe of the Bahama Islands, strange and unusual things have been happening in that area ever since? (Winer xiv). Two years after his first trip to the new land Columbus set foot on America soil again. He having sailed the ocean blue once before, noted the wind blowing from the west. This happened to alert his inter-intelligence, for he warned Bobadilla against setting sail for Spain. Needless to say Bobadilla refused to take heed of the warning. From the crews of the five surviving vessels out of twenty-seven ships that began their joinery from Hispaniols to Spain, we learn what happened as they passed through the ?Triangle?. ?Rain moved perpendicular to its proper direction. Sails disintegrated. Masts snapped. Men screamed. Others knelt down to pray...Then without warning the wind and rain were gone. All was still but the sea. The sun burst through wind-driven clouds. And half the fleet was gone? (Winer 26-7). The men thought that they were in for safe sailing from there on out, they had no way of knowing what was going to pounce on them like a mad, starving tiger. ?Again lightning flashed, but there was no sound of thunder. The shrieking winds drowned it out. Paint was blasted from hulls...by the driving rain? (Winer 27). Had their captain only listened to Columbus' warning, he may have saved his men and himself the pain and suffering that came next. ?Caravels smashed together and sank as one. Those who open their eyes into the wind-driven rain had their eyeball splattered out of the sockets...bodies were masses of torn flesh...Mouths that opened to scream spewed forth blood instead of words...Those dying prayed to live. Those living prayed to die? (Winer 27-8). Of the seventeen ship that were lost, no one has been able to find any trace of them, therefore they are considered the first victims of the ?Bermuda Triangle?. Not only did the disappearances increase since Columbus' time, they get harder to explain. There are many unexplained vanishing associated with the ?Bermuda Triangle?, such as the case of Herbie Pond. Herbie was a rumrunner in 1931, he was then considered one of the best aviators, especially in the rumrunner industry. On